Animal Kingdom - Goal 4
General Characteristics
Eukaryotic, multicellular organisms
Heterotrophic (can’t make own food)
No cell walls
Cells organized into tissues, organs, and organ systems nerves, muscles
Some animals provide parental care, but most do not.
Movement of some type at some stage in their lives to find food, reproduce etc. (Some can move where others are sessile).
Are either - Invertebrates, without a backbone, or vertebrates, with a backbone
General Characteristics
Eukaryotic, multicellular organisms
Heterotrophic (can’t make own food)
No cell walls
Cells organized into tissues, organs, and organ systems nerves, muscles
- Diploid organisms and most reproduce sexually, although some reproduce asexually
- Animals produce haploid gametes through meiosis
- A diploid zygote is formed upon fertilization.
- The zygote undergoes mitosis and cell differentiation to grow into a multi celled body
Some animals provide parental care, but most do not.
Movement of some type at some stage in their lives to find food, reproduce etc. (Some can move where others are sessile).
Are either - Invertebrates, without a backbone, or vertebrates, with a backbone
Body Plans
Body Plans (Pages 680-681)
1. Asymmetrical
2. Radial Symmetry
Can be divided along any plane through a central point into equal halves
Examples - hydra, star fish
3. Bilateral Symmetry
Can be divided down its length into similar right and left halves (mirror images)
Examples - Humans
1. Asymmetrical
- Irregular shaped body
- Most often sessile organisms (don’t move)
- Examples - Sponges
2. Radial Symmetry
Can be divided along any plane through a central point into equal halves
Examples - hydra, star fish
3. Bilateral Symmetry
Can be divided down its length into similar right and left halves (mirror images)
Examples - Humans
Invetebrates
INVETERBRATES
- Animals without a backbone
- Most abundant group
- Multicellular, and most form tissues, organs and organ systems.
- Can produce sexually or asexually
- Comprised of the following phyla:
- Porifera (sponges)
- Cnidaria (jelly fish, sea anemones, corals and hydras)
- Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
- Nematoda (roundworms)
- Annelida (segmented worms)
- Mollusca (slugs, clams, snails, squid, octopi)
- Echinodermata (star fish, sea urchin, sand dollar)
- Arthropoda (insects, crustaceans (shrimp, lobster), centipede, millipedes, arachnids (spider and scorpions)
Annelids
Phylum Annelida (begins on page 728)
Transport/Circulation
Excretion
Respiration
Nutrition
Growth and Development
Regulation/Nervous
Reproduction
- Invertebrate Segmented worms = worms with bodies divided into segments
- Earthworms, leeches, bristle worms
- Bilateral symmetrical (if divide in half - mirror images)
- All annelids have one or more pairs of bristles located on the outside of their bodies called Setae. These specialized stiff hair-like tiny bristles help annelids anchor themselves in sediments and soil. Help move by anchoring their bodies in soil so each segment can move the animal along.
- Annelids are cylindrical in shape and are composed of a series of repeating segments. These segments are separated by septa, a thin sheet of tissue.
- Each segment of an annelid worm contains repeating segments of organ systems (namely skin, muscle, nervous, circulatory, reproductive and excretory).
- Thin skin of annelids is used for gas exchange and easily permeable to gas and water. This is why they are restricted to moist environments.
- DNA replication, protein synthesis (enzymes), organic compound synthesis, body parts
Transport/Circulation
- Have a closed circulatory system that transport hemoglobin or other types of oxygen-carrying blood pigments.
- Blood is moved through the system by contractions of the same blood vessels. Valves within the vessels ensure the blood moves only in one direction.
- Blood is pumped by the heart.
- Blood in the dorsal vessels moves toward the anterior (head), whereas blood in the ventral blood vessels moves toward the posterior (tail). In this way oxygenated blood is quickly distributed throughout the organisms body.
Excretion
- Some wastes are excreted through the skin, most excretion occurs through nephridia. Nephridia are small kidney-like structures that filter internal fluids and help regulate salts, amino acids, and water. These structures have two openings one at each end; one takes in fluid from the body and passes it through to the other end, which is open to the environment. Each body segment is an annelid usually contains two nephridia.
Respiration
- Annelids use their skin to transport many materials including gases for respiration, wastes and water.
- Over 60% of annelids live in marine habitats and they use specialized gills to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with the environment.
- Other freshwater or terrestrial worms use their skin for gas exchange.
Nutrition
- Hetertrophs
- Can be predators, scavengers, filter feeders or predators.
- Some like earthworms eat organic matter in the soil and their castings provide important soil nutrients.
- Complete digestive tract that runs through the interior of the body. A mouth is located at the animal’s anterior (head and an anus is located at the animals posterior (tail). Materials move through the system by muscular contractions. The gut of the annelids is unsegmented and runs linearly through the organism’s body cavity.
Growth and Development
- Mitosis
- Earthworms can not regenerate if cut in half – some species can re-grow lost segments; however a complete bisection results in death.
Regulation/Nervous
- Sensory organs sensitive to light at the located at the front of some species, some have a brain (in the anterior/head segments).
- Nerve cord and ganglia (nerve centers) are located in each segment.
- Annelids move by a series of muscular contractions. These worms have a group of circular muscles and linear muscles located on each segment. These muscles alternate between contraction and relaxation. When some muscles have their circular muscles contracted other segments have their linear muscles contracted. Nerve cells coordinate contractions to ensure that the animal moves through the environment n a wave-like fashion
Reproduction
- Some are hermaphrodites (having both male and female sex organs). Near the anterior of the animal several segments contain reproductive organs that produce sperm and egg. These sex cells are extruded through separate nephredia and fertilization occurs externally.
- Other worms have separate sexes and release sex cells into the environment for fertilization
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Arthropoda
Class Crustacea
Class Arachnida
- Exoskeletons = A hard covering of the body providing support and protection. Does not grow with the animal, so periodically the animal sheds the exoskeleton, its body grows and a new exoskeleton forms.
- Includes crustaceans, arachnids, and insects
Class Crustacea
- Crayfish, lobsters, shrimp and crab
- Live in saltwater
- Reproduce sexually and hold developing eggs on the underside of their bodies until they hatch.
Class Arachnida
- Spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions
- Most live on land
- Some have poison glands that will kill or maim their prey when the animal bites it.
- Some spider’s bites are harmful or fatal to humans
- Scorpion stings can also be harmful to humans.
- Ticks carry disease-causing bacteria and can transmit infection to their host after they burrow into the skin.
- Reproduce sexually and lay eggs
Class Insects
Class Insecta
Synthesis
Transport
Excretion
Respiration
Nutrition
Growth and Development
Regulation
Reproduction
- Have an exoskeleton made of chitin, have jointed appendages (structures such as legs and antenna that grows from the animals body) used for sensing, walking, feeding and mating, and have segmented bodies with a head, thorax, and abdomen.
- Most abundant
- Most have wings and are capable of flight.
- Transmit disease
Synthesis
- DNA replication, protein synthesis, enzymes, organic compounds, body parts.
Transport
- Open circulatory system where hemolymph is circulated via a single tube located between the thorax and the head. Blood is loose in body cavity not in vessels.
Excretion
- Have structures called Malphigan tubules that remove wastes and filter the blood. They then dump wastes into the intestines.
Respiration
- Oxygen is delivered directly to the cells through specialized tubes.
- Air sacs – structures that pump air into the trachea
- Trachea – the main air tube from the pharynx to the lungs
- Tracheoles – fine branches of the trachea, which carry oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the body cells.
- Spiracles – opening in the abdomen through which air is exchanges.
Nutrition
- Hetertrophs
- Complete digestive system
- Specialized mouth parts (mandibles) = adapted for holding, chewing, sucking, biting
- Butterflies have a coiled tube to suck up nectar
- Ants have sharp edges to cut up food.
Growth and Development
- Metamorphosis is a series of stages of insect development. These stages include radical changes in structure and function.
- Complete metamorphosis consists of the egg, larva, pupa, and adult stages. When the larva hatches from the egg, it does not resemble the adult. It is not capable of reproduction; however it is able to feed itself. During the pupa stage, the larva stops feeding and moving and often encases itself in a cocoon. During this time the body changes drastically and emerges from the cocoon as an adult – butterflies
- Incomplete metamorphosis consists of the egg, nymph and adult stages. The nymph looks like the adult but does not have wings and is not capable of reproduction The nymph continues with development until it reaches the adult stage – grasshopper.
- Ametabolous development – One continues phase. The young hatch from their eggs looking like a small version of the adults. They simply grow larger over time shedding their outer skin (molting) as it become too tight to reveal a new, larger skin underneath – silverfish
Regulation
- The nervous system includes a brain and ventral cord made up of a chain of ganglia, which extends to all parts of the body.
- Sense organs including antenna (stalk like structures to detect changes in the environment sounds/odors), compound eyes (to detect movement of prey or predators), and tympanum (membrane that is vibrated by sound waves for hearing)
Reproduction
- Insects reproduce sexually - internally
- Testes – male reproductive organs that produces sperm
- Ovaries – female reproductive organs which produce eggs
- Seminal receptacles – a sac like structure that stores sperm
- Ovipositor – a structure in the rear of the female insect used to lay eggs
- Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction in which a new individual developed from an unfertilized egg (bees, ants and wasps)
Vertebrates
VERTEBRATES
- Share common characteristics including a notochord, gill slits and an endoskeleton
- A notochord is a firm flexible rod that provides support and stability. It often changes into a vertebrate column later in life.
- Gill slits are opening used for respiration that lead to the outside of an animal’s body. The gill slits take in oxygen to the body and release carbon dioxide.
- An endoskeleton is an internal skeleton composed of bones, cartilage or both. It grows with the animal.
- Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals are all invertebrates and all members of the Phylum Chlordata.
Class Amphibia (Frogs)
Class Amphibia
Synthesis
Transport
Excretion
Respiration
Nutrition
Growth and Development
Regulation
Reproduction
- Live on both land and water.
- They have smooth, moist skin covered with mucus to retain water.
- Four legs and adults are capable of living both on land and water
- Ectothermic
- Do not provide parental care for young
- Can be used to determine environmental health of an area – when pollutant are present, amphibians are the first to be affected because their skin offers little protection.
Synthesis
- DNA synthesis, protein synthesis (enzymes), organic compound synthesis, Body parts
Transport
- Closed circulatory system (veins, arteries and capillaries)
- A three chambered heart pumps blood between the heart and body and between heart and lungs. Heart has only one ventricle so oxygen rich blood and oxygen poor blood mix.
- Vessels carry blood to and from cells of the body.
Excretion
- Kidney – an organ, which filters blood and removes nitrogenous wastes and excess water.
- Bladder – a sack like structure which holds liquid wastes from the kidney
Respiration
- Gills in tadpoles, which live in, water only.
- Amphibian adults breathe through the skin, the lining of the mouth when inactive and through lungs when active.
- Nares – external opening to the olfactory nerves for smelling.
- Glottis – an opening in the pharynx leading to the larynx
- Larynx – a structure for making noise at the entrance to the trachea.
Nutrition
- Hetertrophs – eat mainly insects
- Amphibians have a complete digestive system.
- Tongue – a muscular organ attached to the front of the mouth used for obtaining food.
- Cloaca – a chamber where the digestive, excretory and reproductive organs empty their contents to be expelled from the body.
Growth and Development
- Biophysical life cycle – amphibian larva (eggs and tadpole), live in water but gradually change (metamorphosis) to become better suited to live on land. The female amphibian can lay as many as 4,000 eggs. When the eggs hatch, the tadpoles consume the soft egg jelly called the egg sac. After the egg sac is consumed, the developing tadpoles begin eating drifting materials and breathe solely through their gills at this stage. As they grow their lungs develop, and begin making trips to the surface in order to breathe. Soon, after they begin to eat small invertebrates like snails. From then on, their diet becomes increasing carnivorous. As they continue to grow, they begin to develop legs and their tails begin to shrink. Frogs and toads lose their tails eventually (due to lysosomes). Newts and salamanders keep their tails, but as they develop into adults the tails become shorter than the water based larval stage.
Regulation
- The brain is more developed than in the fish. The nervous system is composed of brain and spinal cord. Sense organs are developed for hearing, smelling, tasting, and seeing.
- Eustachian tubes – a canal connecting the middle ear to the mouth cavity.
- Tympanic membrane – a membrane that functions as an eardrum, which picks up vibration in the air.
- Ectothermic (cold-blooded) = get heat for the body from the outside environment.
- Too hot of cold = dormant (inactive or at rest)
Reproduction
- Sexual reproduction - external fertilization – water needed for the sperm to be transported to eggs laid in the water.
- Must lay eggs in water because the eggs have no protective shells to keep them from drying out.
Class Mammalia
Class Mammalia
Synthesis
Transport - Circulatory System
Excretion - Urinary System
Respiration - Respiratory System
Nutrition -Digestive System
Growth and Development - Meiosis and Cell Differentiation
Regulation
Nervous System Regulation
Endocrine System
Reproduction
Three types
1. Placental
Give birth to young. Develop in uterus until fully developed
Placenta = connection that passes material between mom and baby rich in blood vessels for gas exchange and waste removal. Attached to the embryo with an umbilical cord and is delivered with the embryo is delivered.
Examples rodents, rabbits, bats, whales, cats, porpoises, armadillos, apes, dogs, horses, pigs, monkey, humans
2. Marsupial
a) Short development time in mom
b) Long development time in pouch outside mom’s body
Example – opossum, koalas, kangaroos
3. Monotreme – lay eggs from which young hatch
Examples include duck billed platypus and echidnas
Where does genetic variation occur in sexual reproduction? -Independent assortment, crossing over, which sperm and egg meet
- Have the most complex brains.
- Endothermic (warm blooded) and have hair (insulation and water proofing) which conserves heat.
- Mammalian skin contain unique glands called mammary glands that produce milk to feed their young.
- Sweat glands secrete sweat regulate body temperature.
- Sebaceous glands secrete oils to lubricate hair and skin.
Synthesis
- DNA replication, protein synthesis, enzymes, organic compounds, body parts
Transport - Circulatory System
- Function - transport needed materials to cells: wastes away using blood: blood vessels
- Blood Vessels - arteries, capillaries, veins
- Blood - plasma (liquid), red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
- Flow through heart - into right atrium - right ventricles - pump into pulmonary arteries to lungs - back through the pulmonary veins - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta to the body
- Large amounts of oxygen is needed to maintain endothermic metabolism – takes lots of energy to heat the body
Excretion - Urinary System
- Function - get rid of body wastes
- Nephrons - filtering units that make up the kidneys
- Flow thru system - Kidney (makes urine)- ureters - bladder - urethra - out of the body
Respiration - Respiratory System
- Function - exchange gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
- Path of Air into the Body - mouth/nose - trachea - bronchi - bronchioles - alveoli
- How does diffusion of carbon dioxide and oxygen occur in the alveoli? - More carbon dioxide in the blood, less carbon dioxide in the lungs, more oxygen in lungs, less oxygen in the blood ---MOVES from HIGH TO LOW!
Nutrition -Digestive System
- Function - break down mechanically/chemically and absorption of food so it can be used for energy.
- Path of Food through the body - mouth - esophagus, - stomach, - small intestine, - large intestines
- Why are microvilli important - increase surface area – more area to absorb food.
- Specialized teeth (distinguishing feature of mammals) adapted to food they eat includes chisel-like incisors = modification for gnawing (beaver)
- Mammary gland - produce milk for young.
Growth and Development - Meiosis and Cell Differentiation
- Explain what happens in meiosis? Divides twice to make 4 haploid cells
- What is important about meiosis? Used to make gametes.
- How do you get different cells in your body? Gene regulation – turn off and on a different set of genes.
Regulation
Nervous System Regulation
- Function - allows cells to communicate and respond to the environment
- Neurons = conducts impulses throughout the nervous system, basic unit.
- Explain how messages travel from nerve to nerve - messages reaches end of #1 nerve axon - Neurotransmitters are released from #1 - travel across the synapse (space) to #2 - Dendrites of #2 pick up the neurotransmitters and pass message along.
Endocrine System
- Function - maintain homeostasis (balance) of body.
- Hormone = a substance produced in one part of the body and transported to another part where it causes a body change.
- Main gland of system = pituitary
- Explain negative feed back -keeps balanced like heating system of house, if the temperature is too low turn on heat until temperature reaches a set point
Reproduction
- Sexual reproduction – uses meiosis to make gametes (sperm and egg)
Three types
1. Placental
Give birth to young. Develop in uterus until fully developed
Placenta = connection that passes material between mom and baby rich in blood vessels for gas exchange and waste removal. Attached to the embryo with an umbilical cord and is delivered with the embryo is delivered.
Examples rodents, rabbits, bats, whales, cats, porpoises, armadillos, apes, dogs, horses, pigs, monkey, humans
2. Marsupial
a) Short development time in mom
b) Long development time in pouch outside mom’s body
Example – opossum, koalas, kangaroos
3. Monotreme – lay eggs from which young hatch
Examples include duck billed platypus and echidnas
Where does genetic variation occur in sexual reproduction? -Independent assortment, crossing over, which sperm and egg meet
Menstrual Cycle
Answer the questions below in regard to the human reproduction cycle.
- When during the menstrual cycle do the hormone estrogen and progesterone reach their highest levels? Estrogen levels are the highest during follicular stage, when progesterone levels are the highest during the luteal stage.
- According to the picture, during which stage does the uterine lining the thickest? Luteal stage
- What series of hormonal events cause the uterine lining to be shed? If the egg is not fertilized, rising levels of progesterone: estrogen form corpus luteum prevent release of FSH: LH causing hormone levels drop: lining shed
- Which hormone is at the highest level during the first four days of the menstrual cycle? FSH
- When does estrogen begin to surge and when does it reach its peak concentration? Rising sharply about 6 or 7 day, peak shortly before ovulation on day 14
- What happens as estrogen levels increase? FSH levels decrease and LH levels increase
- When does LH reach its peak? Almost immediately after estrogen peak, around day 14